请问by和through有什么区别？ - 知乎 (2023)

by 1 prep. S1 W1 / baɪ ; baɪ /

英 / baɪ /

1

who/what does sth 由谁/什么做某事

used especially with a passive verb to say who or what does something or makes something happen 被，由〔尤与被动语态动词连用〕

I was attacked by a dog.

我被一条狗袭击。

a church designed by the famous architect, Sir Christopher Wren

著名建筑师克里斯托弗·雷恩爵士设计的一座教堂

We are all alarmed by the rise in violent crime.

我们都对暴力罪案的增加感到忧虑。

interference by the state in the affairs of the Church

国家对教会事务的干预

his appointment by the BBC as a producer

英国广播公司委任他为制片人

2

means/method 方式/方法

used to say what means or method someone uses to do something 通过，使用

You can reserve the tickets by phone.

你可以通过电话订票。

Send it by airmail.

用航空邮件把它寄走。

Some customers prefer to pay by cheque.

有些客户喜欢用支票支付。

He was taken from his home by force.

他被人从家里强行带走。

by car/train/bus/taxi etc

They travelled to Chicago by train.

他们乘火车去芝加哥。

by air/sea/land/road/rail etc

All supplies are transported by air.

补给品全部空运。

by doing sth

She earns her living by selling insurance.

她以推销保险为生。

3

road/door 道路/门

used to say which road, entrance, door etc someone uses to get to a place 经由〔…路、入口、门等〕

They came in by the back door.

他们从后门进来。

It’s quicker to go by the country route.

走乡村小路更快。

4

taking hold 抓住

used to say which part of an object or of a person’s body someone takes hold of 抓着〔物体或身体的某个部位〕

He took Elaine by the arm and led her across the road.

他搀着伊莱恩的胳膊，领她过马路。

She grabbed the hammer by the handle.

她抓着锤子的柄。

5

writer/composer etc 作家/作曲家等

used to give the name of someone who wrote a book, produced a film, wrote a piece of music etc 由…所作

the ‘New World Symphony’ by Dvorak

德沃夏克所作的《新世界交响曲》

a short story by Charles Dickens

查尔斯·狄更斯写的一个短篇小说

Who’s it by?

这是谁的作品？

6

beside 在旁边

beside or near something 靠近，在…旁边

She stood by the window.

她站在窗边。

Jane went and sat by Patrick.

简走过去坐在帕特里克身旁。

7

past 经过

past someone or something without stopping 经过

He walked right by me without even saying hello.

他径直从我身边走过，连招呼都不打。

I pass by the farm every day on my way to work.

我每天上班都要经过这个农场。

8

before 在…之前

before or not later than a particular time 在…之前，不迟于

The documents need to be ready by next Friday.

文件必须在下星期五之前准备好。

I reckon the film should be over by 9.30.

我估计电影9点半应该结束了。

By the end of the day we had sold over 2,000 tickets.

一天下来我们卖出了2,000多张票。

By the time we got home we were tired and hungry.

回到家的时候，我们已经又累又饿了。

THESAURUS BEFORE 2

9

according to 根据

according to a particular rule, method, or way of doing things 按照，依据

You’ve got to play by the rules.

你必须按规则比赛。

Profits were £6 million, but by our standards this is low.

利润有600万英镑，但按照我们的标准，这算是少的。

10

change/difference 变化/差异

used to say how great a change or difference is 〔用于表示变化或差异的程度〕

The price of oil fell by a further $2 a barrel.

每桶油价又下跌了两美元。

I was overcharged by £3.

我被多收了3英镑。

Godard’s first film was better by far (= by a large amount or degree ) .

戈达尔的第一部电影要好得多。

11

measurements 尺寸

used to give the measurements of a room, container etc 乘〔用于表示房间、容器等的大小〕

a room 15 metres by 23 metres

一间15米宽23米长的房间

12

quantity 数量

used to show what unit of measurement or quantity is involved in selling, paying for, producing etc something 按，以〔用于表示量度单位〕

Eggs are sold by the dozen.

鸡蛋按打出售。

We’re paid by the hour.

我们按小时计酬。

She wanted to tear his hair out by the handful.

她真想一把扯下他的头发。

13

gradual change 逐渐的变化

used to say that something happens gradually 〔用于表示某事渐渐发生〕

Day by day, he grew weaker.

他一天比一天虚弱。

Little by little, I was beginning to discover the truth about Garfield.

渐渐地，我对加菲尔德的真实情况开始有所了解。

One by one, the men stepped forward.

那些人一个一个走上前来。

14

quick change 迅速的变化

used to say that something or someone is quickly becoming worse, better etc 〔用于表示某事物或某人迅速地变坏、变好等〕

The financial crisis was growing more serious by the hour.

金融危机每时每刻都在加剧。

15

light 光线

used to say that something happens in a particular kind of light 借着〔某种光线〕

We walked through the palace gardens by moonlight.

我们借着月光穿过御花园。

16

by day/night

during the day or the night 在日间/在夜间

a tour of Paris by night

夜游巴黎

17

job/nature etc 工作/性质等

used when you are giving information about someone’s character, job, origin etc 〔用于说明某人的性格、工作、出身等〕

George I and George II were Germans by birth.

乔治一世和乔治二世是德国血统。

Cautious by nature, Simpkin was reluctant to interfere.

辛普金天性谨慎，不愿意出面干预。

Robert Key was a teacher by profession.

罗伯特·基的职业是教师。

18

visiting 拜访

in order to visit a person or place for a short time 在…停留

On the way, I stopped by the post office.

路上我顺便去了一下邮局。

19

(all) by yourself

1) completely alone 单独，独自一人

Dave spent Christmas all by himself.

戴夫一个人过圣诞节。

2) without help from anyone 独力地，一个人地

You can’t move the furniture all by yourself.

你一个人是搬不动家具的。

20

multiplying/dividing 乘/除

used between two numbers when talking about multiplying or dividing 乘以；除以

What’s 48 divided by 4?

48除以4等于多少？

21

emphasis 强调

used when expressing strong feelings or making serious promises 对…发誓〔表示强烈的情感或庄严的承诺〕

By God, I’ll kill that boy when I see him!

我对上帝发誓，我要是看见那小子，非杀了他不可！

22

father 父亲

if a woman has children by a particular man, that man is the children’s father 与〔某男子〕所生

She’s got two children by her previous husband.

她和前夫生有两个孩子。

23

by the by

used when mentioning something that may be interesting but is not particularly important spoken 顺便说一下 【口】

By the by, Ian said he might call round tonight.

顺便告诉你，伊恩说他也许今天晚上会过来。prep. adj.

through 1 prep,adv. S1 W1 / θruː ; θru /

英 / θruː /

1

DOOR/PASSAGE ETC 门/通道等

into one side or end of an entrance, passage, hole etc and out of the other side or end 从一端至另一端，穿过，通过〔入口、通道、洞孔等〕

She smiled at him as he walked through the door.

他从门口进来时，她朝他笑了。

Water will be pumped through a pipe.

水将通过管子抽上来。

I managed to squeeze through a gap in the hedge.

我设法从篱笆上的一个缺口挤了过去。

They were suddenly plunged into darkness as the train went through a tunnel.

火车穿过隧道，他们顿时陷入黑暗之中。

There were people standing in the doorway and I couldn’t get through.

有人站在门口，我过不去。

[+ to ]

I went through to the kitchen to see who was there.

我走到厨房去看看谁在那儿。

2

CUTTING/BREAKING 切/凿穿

cutting or breaking something, or making a hole from one side of it to the other 切断，切开；凿穿

A football came crashing through the window.

一个足球破窗飞了进来。

straight/right/clean through

The bullet passed straight through his skull.

一颗子弹直穿他的头骨。

3

ACROSS AN AREA 穿过某地区

from one side of an area to the other or between a group of things 穿过，通过〔指经过某一地区或从一组物体中穿过〕

We passed through France on our way to Italy.

我们去意大利时途经法国。

We made our way through the village to the farm.

我们穿过村庄来到了农场。

The wind howled through the trees.

风呼啸着刮过树林。

He had to push his way through the crowd to get to her.

他不得不挤过人群才来到她身边。

Let me through – I’m a doctor.

让我过去——我是医生。

We drove right through the town centre.

我们开车径直穿过市中心。

Carry on straight through the village.

直接穿过这个村庄，继续往前。

get through/make it through (= reach a place after a difficult journey) 〔艰难地〕到达，抵达

You’ll never get through – the snow’s two metres deep.

你根本到不了——雪有两米深。

Rescue teams have finally made it through to the survivors.

营救队伍终于抵达幸存者身边。

4

SEE THROUGH STH 透过某物看

if you see something through glass, a window etc, you are on one side of the glass etc and it is on the other 透过〔玻璃、窗户等〕

I could see her through the window.

我透过窗户看到了她。

I could see right through the thin curtains.

我透过薄薄的窗帘看得一清二楚。

5

PAST A PLACE 经过某地

past a place where you are supposed to stop 通过〔应该停下的地方〕

It took us ages to get through passport control.

我们花了很长时间才通过护照查验处。

He drove straight through a red light.

他遇到红灯直接闯了过去。

6

TIME 时间

during and to the end of a period of time 在整个期间，自始至终

The cold weather continued through the spring.

寒冷的天气持续了整个春天。

He slept right through the day.

他睡了一整天。

The fighting went on all through the night.

战斗持续了整夜。

7

PROCESS/EXPERIENCE 过程/经历

from the beginning to the end of a process or experience 经过〔全部的过程或经历〕

The book guides you through the whole procedure of buying a house.

这本书可对购房提供全程指导。

When you have been through a terrible experience like that, it takes a long time to recover.

经历过那样可怕的事情，之后要花很长时间才能恢复过来。

It’s a miracle that these buildings came through the war undamaged.

这些建筑物在经历了这场战争后竟然没有受损，简直是个奇迹。

8

COMPETITIONS 竞争

past one stage in a competition to the next stage 通过〔比赛的一个阶段而进入下一阶段〕

They didn’t even get through the first round of the contest.

他们甚至没能通过第一轮比赛。

[+ to ]

This is the first time they’ve ever made it through to the final.

这是他们第一次打入决赛。

9

BECAUSE OF STH 由于某事物

because of something 由于，因为

How many working days were lost through sickness last year?

去年因为员工生病损失了多少个工作日？

10

BY MEANS OF STH/SB 凭借某事/某人

by means of a particular method, service, person etc 以，凭借

She got her first job through an employment agency.

她通过职业介绍所得到了第一份工作。

a success that was achieved through co-operative effort and wise leadership

凭借齐心协力和英明领导而取得的成功

I heard about it through a friend.

我是从一个朋友那里听说此事的。

THESAURUS BECAUSE

11

PARLIAMENT/CONGRESS 议会/国会

if a proposal passes through a parliament, it is agreed and accepted as a law 〔提案在议会上〕通过

A special bill was rushed through Congress to deal with the emergency.

国会紧急通过一项特殊议案，以应对这一突发事件。

12

UNTIL 直到 May through June/Wednesday through Friday etc

from May until June, from Wednesday until Friday etc AmE 从5月到6月/从星期三到星期五等 【美】

The store is open Monday through Saturday.

这家商店周一至周六营业。

13

halfway through (sth)

in the middle of an event or period of time （某事或某时段的）中途

I left halfway through the film.

我电影看了一半就离开了。

14

TELEPHONE 电话

connected to someone by telephone BrE 〔电话〕接通 【英】

I tried phoning you, but I couldn’t get through .

我给你打过电话，但没打通。

Please hold the line and I’ll put you through .

请不要挂电话，我给你接过去。

[+ to ]

Did you manage to get through to her?

你打通她的电话了吗？

15

COMPLETELY 完全地 wet through/cooked through etc

completely wet, cooked etc informal 湿透了/煮透了等 【非正式】

You’re wet through. What on earth have you been doing?

你湿透了。你到底干什么了？

It should only take a few minutes to heat this through.

应该只要几分钟时间就能热透。

16

through and through

if someone is a particular type of person through and through, they are completely that type of person 完完全全地，彻底地

I’ll say one thing for Sandra – she’s a professional through and through.

我要为桑德拉说一句——她可是地地道道的专业人士。

17

ALL THE WAY 一路上 through to London/Paris etc

as far as London, Paris etc 通往伦敦/巴黎等

Does this train go through to Glasgow?

这班火车开往格拉斯哥吗？

18

USE QUICKLY 快速使用 get/go/run through sth

to use a lot of something quickly 快速而大量地使用某物

George Ward started smoking at the age of nine, and at one time he was getting through 80 a day.

乔治·沃德九岁就开始吸烟，一度每天要抽掉 80 支烟。

By the end of the year he had run through all the money inherited from his father.

到年底，他已经把从父亲那儿继承来的钱全部花光了。